In this course, we consider multiple definitions and general theories of constructive trusts, examining American, English, and Canadian court systems. We begin by contrasting the employment of constructive trusts between countries, and consider whether they are used as a remedy or as a cause of action. We discuss the consequences of gains by fiduciaries, with regards to constructive trusts as causes of action. We also consider the role of strangers in constructive trusts and differentiate between knowing assistance to a trusty and knowing receipt of trust property. Lastly, constructive trusts as remedies are explained.